![]() One particularly well-preserved specimen allowed detailed observation of all the main cranial osteological features, including the ear region and an almost complete hyoid apparatus, previously unknown for this taxon. ![]() For this reason, we undertook an analysis of the external and internal cranial anatomy of Catonyx tarijensis from the late Pleistocene of the Department of Oruro, in southwestern Bolivia. Today, computed tomographic (CT) scanning methodologies permit the exploration of previously inaccessible anatomical areas through a completely non-destructive process. In recent decades, the external cranial anatomy of Pleistocene scelidotheres such as Scelidotherium, Catonyx, and Valgipes has been the subject of numerous studies, but their endocranial anatomy remains almost completely unknown. 5Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, United StatesĮxtinct scelidotheriine sloths are among the most peculiar fossil mammals from South America.4Departamento de Paleontología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia.3Paleo Factory, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.1Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT-CONICET-Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina.Iurino 2,3, Bernardino Mamani Quispe 4, Rubén Andrade Flores 4, Raffaele Sardella 2,3, François Pujos 1 and Timothy J.
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